张亚峰,安路阳,王宇楠,徐歆未,张立涛,宋迪慧

• 1:中钢集团鞍山热能研究院有限公司环境工程院士专家工作站

摘要(Abstract)：

简述了各种方法(药剂软化法、离子交换软化法、膜分离软化法、吸附软化法、电化学软化法)去除水中硬度的原理、优缺点,回顾了近年来各方法的研究状况,归纳了当前各方法的主要研究内容及所存在问题并指出了其未来发展方向;认为电化学软化法有望成为未来主流软化技术。

关键词(KeyWords)： 钙;镁;硬度;结垢;软化

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家工程研究中心创新能力建设项目(2013706)

作者(Author): 张亚峰,安路阳,王宇楠,徐歆未,张立涛,宋迪慧

DOI: 10.16200/j.cnki.11-2627/td.2017.12.014

参考文献(References)：

• [1]杨力.高硬度地下水处理技术研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
• [2]蒋展鹏.环境工程学(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
• [3]AYOUB G.M.,ZAYYAT R.M.,AL-HINDI M.Precipitation softening:a pretreatment process for seawater desalination[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2014,21(4):2876-2887.
• [4]SEPEHR M.N.,ZARRABI M.,KAZEMIAN H.,et al.Removal of hardness agents,calcium and magnesium,by natural and alkaline modified pumice stones in single and binary systems[J].Applied Surface Science,2013(274):295-305.
• [5]张浩程.金沙江某水厂低浊水采用药剂软化法除硬度的试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2015.
• [6]李陈.蛭石对钙镁阳离子的吸附性能探讨[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2009.
• [7]王丽丽.反渗透浓水硬度与有机污染物的去除研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.
• [8]VIERO A.F.,MAZZAROLLO A.C.R.,WADA K.,et al.Removal of hardness and COD from retanning treated effluent by membrane process[J].Desalination,2002(149):145-149.
• [9]刘大朋,赵涛.阳离子交换树脂对钙镁离子的吸附性能研究[J].印染助剂,2012,29(5):39-42.
• [10]HAMMES F.,SEKA A.N.,KNIJF S.D.,et al.A novel approach to calcium removal from calcium-rich industrial wastewater[J].Water Research,2003(37):699-704.
• [11]HAMMES F.,SEKA A.N.,VAN HEGE K.,et al.Calcium removal from industrial wastewater by bio-catalytic CaC03 precipitation[J].Journal of Chemical Technology&Biotechnology,2003,78(6):670-677.
• [12]张继军,袁俊生,李霞.利用CO2脱除海水中的钙离子和镁离子[J].化工进展,2012,31(3):681-686.
• [13]石玉.浓水中总硬度及钙镁离子的去除实验研究[D].太原:太原理工大学,2013.
• [14]王丽芹.工业用水的软化处理简析[J].化工装备技术,2005,26(4):18-19.
• [15]曹霞.去除水中硬度处理方法探讨[J].西南给排水,2012,34(5):37-40.
• [16]吴新力,戴宝成,陈莉荣,等.膜分离稀土废水预处理中钙镁去除的研究进展[J].江苏环境科技,2007,20(2):67-69.
• [17]铁中用.地下水硬度去除技术研究[D].济南:山东建筑大学,2013.
• [18]汪明明.复合沉淀法协同去除水中的硫酸盐及硬度[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2015.
• [19]唐媛媛.渭北岩溶地区水体硬度的去除技术研究[D].西安:长安大学,2014.
• [20]黎新.化学沉淀法去除稀土废水中钙镁的研究[D].西安:长安大学,2016.
• [21]赵志军.药剂法海水软化研究[D].天津:天津大学,2008.
• [22]胡瑞柱,黄廷林,杨尚业.石灰法与氢氧化钠法去除地下水源硬度试验对比研究[J].给水排水,2016,42(7):29-35.
• [23]LI J.,KONER S.,GERMAN M.,et al.Aluminum-cycle ion exchange process for hardness removal:a new approach for sustainable softening[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(21):11943-11950.
• [24]KAMEDA T.,YOSHIOKA T.,MITSUHASHI T.,et al.The simultaneous removal of calcium and chloride ions from calcium chloride solution using magnesium-aluminum oxide[J].Water Research,2003,37(16):4045-4050.
• [25]卢宇飞,付东康,吴广安,等.新型钙铝石类水处理剂对冶炼综合废水中阴阳离子的同步去除研究[J].环境工程,2013,31(3):28-32.
• [26]JAMARI J.,PUJIASTUTI C.,SUMADA K.,et al.Removal of Mg2+K+,SO42-ions from seawater by precipitation method[C].MATEC Web of Conferences,1-4.
• [27]范春英,王栋,陈远超,等.4A分子筛与Ca2+在热水中离子交换的实验研究[J].工业水处理,2009,29(5):39-42.
• [28]张硕,王栋,陈远超,等.热水环境中Na+活化斜发沸石吸附钙离子除硬过程研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):744-750.
• [29]XUE Z.,LI Z.,MA J.,et al.Effective removal of Mg2+and Ca2+ions by mesoporous LTA zeolite[J].Desalination,2014(341):10-18.
• [30]田嫒嫒,周立岱,于永杰,等.离子交换技术去除锦州自来水硬度的实验研究[J].绿色科技,2015(8):229-231.
• [31]COMSTOCK S.E.H.,BOYER T.H.Combined magnetic ion exchange and cation exchange for removal of DOC and hardness[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2014(241):366-375.
• [32]PARK J.S.,SONG J.H.,YEON K.H.,et al.Removal of hardness ions from tap water using electromembrane processes[J].Desalination,2007,202(1-3):1-8.
• [33]ZHI S.,ZHANG S.A novel combined electrochemical system for hardness removal[J].Desalination,2014(349):68-72.
• [34]刘敏,马兰,孙昕.影响离子交换法处理高硬度地下水的工艺参数[J].应用化工,2016,45(12):2269-2272.
• [35]王丽,袁建军.改性凹凸棒土对钾、钙、镁离子交换作用的研究[J].中国矿业,2008,17(1):84-88.
• [36]耿卫东,杨雪静,杨亚玲.改性层状结晶硅酸钠对钙镁离子交换的动力学研究[J].无机盐工业,2011,43(2):14-16.
• [37]Bekri-Abbes I.,Bayoudh S.,Baklouti M.The removal of hardness of water using sulfonated waste plastic[J].Desalination,2008,222(1-3):81-86.
• [38]李威.忠县生态工业园自来水厂纳滤法除原水硫酸根、硬度方案[J].四川水泥,2016,(6):104.
• [39]张显球,张林生,吕锡武.纳滤软化除盐效果的研究[J].水处理技术,2004(6):352-355.
• [40]季常青.膜技术用于硬水脱盐[J].矿产综合利用,2016,(6):61-64.
• [41]闫光明,李桂枝.纳滤膜制取中、低压锅炉软化水[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(9):45-46.
• [42]李巧云,贺艳,徐梦雪,等.地质聚合物基无机膜去除水中钙、镁离子的研究[J].功能材料,2017,48(1):1215-1220.
• [43]湛含辉,罗彦伟.13X沸石对Ca2+吸附性能的实验研究[J].工业水处理,2008,28(4):25-28.
• [44]娄红斌,马红钦,张自龙.TD-11吸附剂对盐矿卤水中钙镁离子吸附净化实验研究[J].盐业与化工,2009,38(5):6-9.
• [45]PRATOMO U.,ANGGRAENI A.,LUBIS R.A.,et al.Study of softening hard water using Pistacia Vera shell as adsorbent for calcium and magnesium removal[J].Procedia Chemistry,2015(16):400-406.
• [46]SOLIMAN E.M.,AHMED S.A.,FADL A.A.Removal of calcium ions from aqueous solutions by sugar cane bagasse modified with carboxylic acids using microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis[J].Desalination,2011,278(1-3):18-25.
• [47]徐浩,延卫,汤成莉.水垢的电化学去除工艺与机理研宄[J].西安交通大学学报,2009,43(5):104-108.
• [48]徐浩,延卫,汤成莉.电子水处理技术[J].工业水处理,2009,29(8):5-9.
• [49]刘慧杰,曾铮,郑磊.电子水处理技术的应用研究进展[J].当代化工,2014,43(7):1316-1318.
• [50]ZEPPENFELD K.Electrochemical removal of calcium and magnesium ions from aqueous solutions[J].Desalination,2011,277(1-3):99-105.
• [51]ZHI S.,ZHANG K.Hardness removal by a novel electrochemical method[J].Desalination,2016(381):8-14.
• [52]BAGRII V.A.,CHEBOTARYOVA R.D.,BASHTAN S.Y.,et al.Softening of calcium-hydrocarbonate water in a flowthrough electrolyzer with a filtrating cartridge[J].Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology,2008,30(2):100-104.
• [53]MALAKOOTIAN M.,MANSOORIAN H.J.,MOOSAZADEH M.Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process using iron-rod electrodes for removing hardness from drinking water[J].Desalination,2010,255(1-3):67-71.
• [54]SCHULZ M.C.,BAYGENTS J.C.,FARRELL J.Laboratory and pilot testing of electrocoagulation for removing scale-forming species from industrial process waters[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2009,6(4):521-526.